Construção e validação de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovensa / Construcción y validación de un instrumento de evaluación sociológica y comportamental asociado con la infección por VIH en jóvenes / Construction and validity of an instrument for sociological and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young peoplea

RESUMO Objetivo construir e validar conteúdo de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovens. Método estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em duas etapas: elaboração do instrumento; e validação de conteúdo. Os itens que compuseram o instrumento foram selecionados através de revisão literária, tendo como referencial os domínios multiníveis do Modelo Social Ecológico Modificado, categorizados em componentes socioestruturais e comportamentais. O conteúdo foi avaliado por especialistas em duas rodadas conduzidas pela técnica Delphi, admitindo-se um índice de concordância de, no mínimo, 80%. Resultados a primeira versão do instrumento continha 52 itens, distribuídos em três domínios. Na primeira rodada, 19 itens (36,5%) obtiveram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo inferior a 0,80, dois itens foram excluídos e os demais foram reformulados. Na segunda rodada, 2 itens foram excluídos e 3 foram incorporados como subitem, totalizando 45 itens. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo do Instrumento foi de 95%. Conclusão e implicações para a prática as recomendações dos especialistas contribuíram para a qualificação do instrumento Avaliação Socioestrutural e Comportamental-HIV, possibilitando a reorganização do conteúdo. O instrumento é válido para a identificação de fatores socioestruturais e comportamentais associados à infecção pelo HIV em jovens, com potencial para constituir planejamento de cuidados preventivos.

RESUMEN Objetivo construir y validar el contenido de un instrumento de evaluación socioestructural y conductual asociada a la infección por VIH en jóvenes. Método estudio metodológico, desarrollado en dos etapas: elaboración del instrumento; y validación de contenido. Los ítems que conformaron el instrumento fueron seleccionados a través de una revisión literaria, tomando como referencia los dominios multinivel del Modelo Ecológico Social Modificado, categorizados en componentes socioestructurales y conductuales. El contenido fue evaluado por expertos en dos rondas realizadas mediante la técnica Delphi, suponiendo una tasa de acuerdo de al menos el 80%. Resultados la primera versión del instrumento contuvo 52 ítems, distribuidos en tres dominios. En la primera ronda, 19 ítems (36,5%) tuvieron un Índice de Validez de Contenido inferior a 0,80, dos ítems fueron excluidos y el resto fueron reformulados. En la segunda ronda, se excluyeron 2 ítems y se incorporaron 3 como subítems, totalizando 45 ítems. El Índice de Validez de Contenido del Instrumento fue del 95%. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica las recomendaciones de los expertos contribuyeron para la calificación del instrumento Evaluación Socioestructural y del Comportamiento-VIH, permitiendo la reorganización del contenido. El instrumento es válido para identificar factores socioestructurales y conductuales asociados a la infección por VIH en jóvenes, con potencial para constituir una planificación de atención preventiva.

ABSTRACT Objective to construct and validate the content of an instrument for sociostructural and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young people. Method a methodological study developed in two steps: instrument elaboration; and content validity. The items that made up the instrument were selected through a literary review using the Modified Social Ecological Model multilevel domains as a reference, categorized into sociostructural and behavioral components. Content was assessed by experts in two rounds conducted using the Delphi technique, assuming an agreement rate of at least 80%. Results the first version of the instrument contained 52 items, distributed across three domains. In the first round, 19 items (36.5%) had a Content Validity Index lower than 0.80, two items were excluded and the rest were reformulated. In the second round, 2 items were excluded and 3 were incorporated as subitems, totaling 45 items. The Instrument Content Validity Index was 95%. Conclusion and implications for practice experts' recommendations contributed qualifying the Sociostructural and Behavioral Assessment-HIV instrument, enabling content reorganization. The instrument is valid for identifying socio-structural and behavioral factors associated with HIV infection in young people, with the potential to constitute preventive care planning.

Repertórios interculturais de mulheres sobre concepções de HIV/AIDS em cenário interétnico / Repertorios interculturales de mujeres acerca de concepciones de VIH/SIDA en un escenario interétnico / Intercultural repertories of women on HIV/AIDS conceptions in na interethnic scenario

Resumo Objetivo analisar, sob a perspectiva da interculturalidade, os significados atribuídos ao HIV/AIDS que compõem os repertórios de mulheres em situação interétnica. Método estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, desenvolvido com base no banco de dados de pesquisa primária. A amostra foi constituída por 642 registros, provenientes da aplicação do Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, com 386 mulheres não indígenas e 256 mulheres indígenas procedentes do município de Rio Tinto-PB. As respostas apreendidas do estímulo indutor AIDS foram categorizadas segundo grupo de pertencimento, idade e conjugalidade. Os dados foram processados pelo software IraMuTeQ, e analisados pelas técnicas de Classificação Hierárquica Descendente, Especificidades Complementares e Análise Fatorial de Correspondência. As discussões apoiaram-se nas três perspectivas que abarcam a interculturalidade: relacional, funcional e crítica. Resultados foram conformadas três classes denominadas: Repertório biomédico; Repertório socioemocional; e Repertório comportamental. O biomédico foi o mais significativo para ambos os grupos, sendo liderado pelas não indígenas, e os constituintes socioemocional e comportamental foram majoritariamente representados pelas indígenas. Considerações Finais e implicações para a prática nesse cenário interétnico, o diálogo intercultural se materializa no intercâmbio de forma heterogênea de pensar-saber-fazer, que se desdobra sob a luz da interculturalidade relacional e funcional, demonstrando movimentos embrionários para a interculturalidade crítica.

Resumen Objetivo analizar desde la perspectiva de la interculturalidad los significados atribuidos al VIH y SIDA que componen los repertorios de mujeres en situación interétnica. Método estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, desarrollado con base en la base de datos de investigación primaria. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 642 registros, provenientes de la aplicación del Test Libre de Asociación de Palabras, con 386 mujeres no indígenas y 256 mujeres indígenas del municipio de Rio Tinto-PB. Las respuestas aprendidas del estímulo inductor del SIDA se clasificaron según pertenencia al grupo, edad y estado civil. Los datos fueron procesados por el software IRaMuTeQ y analizados mediante las técnicas de Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente, Especificidades Complementarias y Análisis de Correspondencia Factorial. Las discusiones se basaron en las tres perspectivas que engloban la interculturalidad: relacional, funcional y crítica. Resultados se formaron tres clases: Repertorio biomédico; Repertorio socioemocional; y Repertorio conductual. El biomédico fue el más significativo para ambos grupos, siendo liderado por mujeres no indígenas, y los constituyentes socioemocionales y conductuales estuvieron mayoritariamente representados por mujeres indias. Consideraciones finales e implicaciones para la práctica en este escenario interétnico, el diálogo intercultural se materializa en el intercambio de una manera heterogénea de pensar-saber-hacer, que se despliega a la luz de la interculturalidad relacional y funcional, evidenciando movimientos embrionarios hacia una interculturalidad crítica.

Abstract Objective to analyze, from the perspective of interculturality, the meanings attributed to HIV/AIDS that make up the repertoires of women in interethnic situations. Method a descriptive, retrospective study, developed based on the primary research database. The sample consisted of 642 records, from the application of the Word Association Test, with 386 non-indigenous women and 256 indigenous women from the municipality of Rio Tinto-PB. The responses learned from the AIDS-inducing stimulus were categorized according to group belonging, age and marital status. Data were processed by the IRaMuTeQ software, and analyzed using the Descending Hierarchical Classification, complementary specificities and factorial correspondence analysis techniques. The discussions were based on the three perspectives that encompass interculturality: relational, functional and critical. Results Three classes were formed: Biomedical Repertoire, Socio-emotional Repertoire and Behavioral Repertoire. Biomedical Repertoire was the most significant for both groups, being led by non-indigenous women; the socio-emotional and behavioral constituents were mostly represented by indigenous women. Final considerations and implications for practice in this interethnic setting, intercultural dialogue materializes in the exchange of a heterogeneous way of thinking-knowing-doing, which unfolds in the light of relational and functional interculturality, demonstrating embryonic movements towards critical interculturality.

Multilevel model in the identification of behavioral and structural risk factors for HIV: integrative review / Modelo multinivel para la identificación de factores de riesgo comportamentales y estructurales del VIH: revisión integradora / Modelo multinível na identificação de fatores de risco comportamentais e estruturais ao HIV: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to investigate studies that adopted the multilevel analysis model to identify behavioral and structural risk factors associated with HIV infection. Methods: an integrative review of the literature with studies available in full, obtained from EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed, and Scopus, whose selected descriptors were the indexed terms: "HIV", "multilevel analysis" and "behavior". Results: the search resulted in 236 studies. Out of these, ten studies comprised the sample. Economic disadvantage, neighborhood characteristics, housing instability, incarceration, transactional sex, multiple partners, substance abuse, and age at first intercourse were classified as structural and behavioral risk factors for HIV. Reduced socioeconomic disadvantage, provision of housing stability, and condom use were associated with protective factors for HIV exposure. Conclusions: by applying the multilevel model in risk factor research studies, it was possible to identify the structural and behavioral elements of HIV risk.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar estudios que adoptaron el modelo del análisis multinivel para identificar los factores de riesgo comportamentales y estructurales asociados al VIH. Método: es una revisión bibliográfica integradora con estudios disponibles en su totalidad, obtenidos de las bases de datos EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed y Scopus, cuyos descriptores fueron los términos: "HIV", "multilevel analysis", "behavior". Resultados: diez artículos, de los 236 encontrados, formaron parte de la muestra. Desventajas económicas, características del vecindario, inestabilidad habitacional, encarcelamiento, sexo transaccional, parejas múltiples, abuso de sustancias y edad de la primera relación sexual se destacaron como factores de riesgo estructurales y comportamentales del VIH. La reducción de desventajas socioeconómicas, la provisión de estabilidad habitacional y el uso de preservativos están asociados a la protección contra el VIH. Conclusiones: al aplicar el modelo multinivel en los estudios de investigación de los factores de riesgo, fue posible identificar los elementos estructurales y comportamentales del riesgo del VIH.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar estudos que adotaram o modelo de análise multinível na identificação de fatores de risco comportamentais e estruturais, que estão associados a infecção pelo HIV. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura com estudos disponíveis na íntegra, obtidos nas bases EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed e Scopus, cujos descritores selecionados foram os termos constantes: "HIV", "multilevel analysis", "behavior". Resultados: a pesquisa resultou em 236 artigos. Destes, dez artigos compuseram a amostra. Desvantagem econômica, características de vizinhança, instabilidade habitacional, encarceramento, sexo transacional, múltiplos parceiros, abuso de substâncias e idade da primeira relação sexual foram classificados como fatores de risco estruturais e comportamentais ao HIV. Redução da desvantagem socioeconômica, fornecimento de estabilidade habitacional e uso de preservativos foram associados a fatores de proteção à exposição ao HIV. Conclusões: com a aplicabilidade do modelo multinível nos estudos de investigação de fatores de risco, foi possível identificar os elementos estruturais e comportamentais de risco ao HIV.

Infecção pelo HIV em jovens: prevalência e fatores associados / HIV infections in youth: prevalence and associated factors

RESUMO Objetivo estimar a prevalência e fatores associados à infecção pelo Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) em jovens. Métodos estudo transversal, realizado em dois Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento, com 279 jovens entre 15 e 24 anos. Realizou-se teste anti-HIV e aplicou-se instrumento estruturado. Empregaram-se análise bivariada e regressão logística com correção de Bonferroni para investigar a associação entre as variáveis e o desfecho sorológico. Resultados a prevalência de HIV entre os jovens foi de 3,9% (Intervalo de confiança-IC95%: 1,0-10,1). A associação com o desfecho HIV mostrou-se estatisticamente significante entre jovens do sexo masculino (p=0,001), homossexuais (p<0,001), exposição sexual como motivo do teste (p=0,034), percepção de alto de risco de adquirir HIV (p=0,002) e prática de sexo anal (p=0,004). Jovens homossexuais (Odds ratio-OR=13,46; IC95%:1,14-15,84) e com percepção de alto risco de adquirir o HIV (OR=18,11; IC95%: 2,28-143,69) tiveram maiores chances de apresentarem resultado positivo para HIV. Conclusão foi possível identificar a prevalência e fatores associados ao HIV em jovens. Contribuições para a prática: as informações geradas podem disponibilizar evidências aos formuladores de políticas, gestores e profissionais de saúde, e subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias que contemplem o aperfeiçoamento das ações de prevenção, coordenadas e ajustadas aos contextos comportamentais nos cenários estudados.

ABSTRACT Objective to estimate the prevalence and associated factors with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in youths. Methods cross-sectional study in two Centers for Testing and Counseling, with 279 youths from 15 to 24 years old. An anti-HIV test and a structured instrument were applied. We used bivariate analysis and logistic regression, with Bonferroni corrections, to investigate the association between the variables and the outcome. Results the prevalence of HIV in the youth analyzed was 3.9% (Confidence interval - CI95%: 1.0-10.1). The association with the outcome of HIV was statistically significant in male youth (p=0.001), homosexuals (p<0.001), those who tested due to sexual exposure (p=0.034), perception of a high risk of acquiring HIV (p=0.002), and anal sex (p=0.004). Homosexual youth (odds ratio-OR=13.46; CI95%;1.14-15.84), with a perception of high risk of acquiring HIV (OR=18.11; CI95%: 2.28-143.69) had a higher chance of being HIV positive. Conclusion the prevalence of HIV and associated factors in youth was ascertained. Contributions to practice: the information produced here shows evidence for those who aim to formulate policies, including health managers and workers. It can give support to the elaboration of strategies that involve perfecting preventive, coordinated actions, adjusted to behavioral contexts in the settings studied.

Multilevel model in the identification of behavioral and structural risk factors for HIV: integrative review.

OBJECTIVES: to investigate studies that adopted the multilevel analysis model to identify behavioral and structural risk factors associated with HIV infection. METHODS: an integrative review of the literature with studies available in full, obtained from EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed, and Scopus, whose selected descriptors were the indexed terms: "HIV", "multilevel analysis" and "behavior". RESULTS: the search resulted in 236 studies. Out of these, ten studies comprised the sample. Economic disadvantage, neighborhood characteristics, housing instability, incarceration, transactional sex, multiple partners, substance abuse, and age at first intercourse were classified as structural and behavioral risk factors for HIV. Reduced socioeconomic disadvantage, provision of housing stability, and condom use were associated with protective factors for HIV exposure. CONCLUSIONS: by applying the multilevel model in risk factor research studies, it was possible to identify the structural and behavioral elements of HIV risk.

Integral health care for transgender adolescents: subsidies for nursing practice.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the integral health care for transgender adolescents from the perspective of their guardians. METHOD: qualitative research based on the Social Network framework proposed by Lia Sanicola, developed with 22 guardians of transgender adolescents in Brazil through semi-structured individual online interviews. The empirical material was analyzed using the content analysis technique, thematic modality. RESULTS: lack of ambience was observed, in addition to technical unpreparedness of health professionals in relation to the theme at all levels of care, transphobia, centralization of care in scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth, absence of family support, lack of health promotion actions within the community, especially in the school environment, and the common support from non-governmental initiatives. CONCLUSION: the centralization of actions in scarce specialized services in the country, and the structural transphobia can compromise the integral health care for transgender adolescents. There is an urgent need for a network of care capable of assisting the joint action by multi and interdisciplinary teams, with greater proactivity of the nurse with the transgender adolescent and their guardians in individual and collective actions; ambience; health promotion in schools for visibility and support in Primary Health Care since childhood. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Need for a network of care concerning integral health care for transgender adolescents.(2) Centralization and scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth.(3) Invisible families, lack of health promotion within the community.(4) Unpreparedness of health professionals and disarticulation of the health care network.(5) Need for qualification of nurses when caring for transgender people.

Dynamics of Primary Social Networks to Support Mothers, Fathers, or Guardians of Transgender Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Mothers, fathers, or guardians of children and adolescents who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth face barriers in their social network to recognize their children's gender identity. This study aimed to analyze the scientific evidence on the dynamics of primary social networks to support mothers, fathers, or guardians of transgender children and adolescents. This is a systematic review of qualitative studies guided by the PRISMA guidelines. Controlled and free vocabulary were used to survey the studies in the EMBASE, Scopus, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), and Web of Science databases. A total of 21 studies composed the final sample. Primary social networks were described as fragile and conflicting family/blood relationship ties with disapproval, isolation, rejection, a lack of understanding, and feelings of exclusion were expressed. Some have lost friends, reported tension in marriage and with relatives, and were commonly treated with hostility and harassment. Social transition does take place in the mutual context of struggle and resistance which demands a support network for parents or guardians.

Efeitos da pandemia e fatores associados à saúde mental de profissionais de saúde: revisão integrativa / Efectos de la pandemia y factores asociados en la salud mental de los profesionales de la salud: revisión integradora / The effects of the pandemic and factors associated with the mental health of healthcare professionals: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar, na literatura científica, os efeitos da pandemia e fatores associados àsaúde mental de profissionais de saúde que atuam no enfrentamento da COVID-19. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, através das bases de dados Web of Science, LILACS, Medline e CINAHL, realizada em novembro de 2020.A busca se deu de forma ampla, criteriosa e independente por dois pesquisadores; em casos de divergência, houve a participação de um terceiro pesquisador. Resultados: 12 artigos compuseram a amostra. Ansiedade, depressão e distúrbios do sono foram os efeitos na saúde mental mais prevalentes em profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19. O setor de trabalho, a falta de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) e o aumento da carga horária de trabalho foram os principais fatores desencadeantes desses efeitos. Considerações Finais: faz-se necessária a implantação de estratégias e intervenções eficazes que garantam um suporte psicológico a curto, médio e longo prazo para os profissionais de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar en la literatura científica los efectos de la pandemia y los factores asociados a la salud mental de los profesionales de la salud que trabajan frente al COVID-19. Método: revisión bibliográfica integradora, a través de las bases de datos Web of Science, LILACS, Medline y CINAHL, realizada en noviembre de 2020. La búsqueda fue llevada a cabo de forma amplia, cuidadosa e independiente por dos investigadores y, en caso de desacuerdo, se contó con la participación de un tercer investigador. Resultados: 12 artículos componían la muestra. La ansiedad, la depresión y los trastornos del sueño fueron los efectos de salud mental más prevalentes en los profesionales de la salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El sector laboral, la falta de Equipos de Protección Individual y el aumento de la carga de trabajo fueron los principales factores desencadenantes de estos efectos. Consideraciones finales: es necesario poner en marcha estrategias e intervenciones eficaces que garanticen el apoyo psicológico a corto, medio y largo plazos de los profesionales de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify, in the scientific literature, the effects of the pandemic and factors associated with the mental health of healthcare professionals who work in the fight against COVID-19. Method: integrative literature review, through the Web of Science, LILACS, Medline and CINAHL databases, carried out in November 2020. The search was carried out in a broad, thorough, and independent way by two researchers; in cases of divergence, there was the participation of a third researcher. Results: 12 articles made up the sample. Anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders were the most prevalent mental health effects in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The work sector, the lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and the increase in working hours were the main triggering factors for these effects. Final Considerations: it is necessary to implement effective strategies and interventions that guarantee short, medium, and long-term psychological support for healthcare professionals.

Structure of social networks of people living with HIV and AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the structure of the social network of people living with HIV and AIDS. METHOD: Exploratory and descriptive research with a qualitative approach, developed through interviews with twenty-two people living with HIV and AIDS, from November to December 2019. For analysis, the theoretical-methodological framework of social network was used. RESULTS: The primary networks were of medium size and low density, formed by family members, relatives, friends, neighbors, and colleagues. The secondary networks were characterized by public, private, third sector institutions, workplaces, and by the informal network, which provided support according to the need for care. CONCLUSION: The family was considered the center of the primary social network structure; however, weaknesses in these social relationships were evidenced. The family relational context of the person with HIV and AIDS was influenced by the secrecy of the diagnosis due to the fear of prejudice and discrimination for being HIV-positive. There was a predilection for the services of the secondary social network that took on the role of specific care for the disease.

Integral health care for transgender adolescents: subsidies for nursing practice / Atenção integral à saúde dos adolescentes transgêneros: subsídios para a prática da Enfermagem / Atención integral a la salud de los adolescentes transgénero: subsidios para la práctica de la Enfermería

Abstract Objective: to analyze the integral health care for transgender adolescents from the perspective of their guardians. Method: qualitative research based on the Social Network framework proposed by Lia Sanicola, developed with 22 guardians of transgender adolescents in Brazil through semi-structured individual online interviews. The empirical material was analyzed using the content analysis technique, thematic modality. Results: lack of ambience was observed, in addition to technical unpreparedness of health professionals in relation to the theme at all levels of care, transphobia, centralization of care in scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth, absence of family support, lack of health promotion actions within the community, especially in the school environment, and the common support from non-governmental initiatives. Conclusion: the centralization of actions in scarce specialized services in the country, and the structural transphobia can compromise the integral health care for transgender adolescents. There is an urgent need for a network of care capable of assisting the joint action by multi and interdisciplinary teams, with greater proactivity of the nurse with the transgender adolescent and their guardians in individual and collective actions; ambience; health promotion in schools for visibility and support in Primary Health Care since childhood.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a atenção integral à saúde dos adolescentes transgêneros na perspectiva dos seus responsáveis. Método: estudo qualitativo fundamentado no referencial Rede Social proposto por Lia Sanicola, desenvolvido com 22 responsáveis por adolescentes transgêneros no Brasil por meio de entrevistas online individuais semiestruturadas. O material empírico foi analisado com a utilização da técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: Foram evidenciados a falta de ambiência e despreparo técnico de profissionais da saúde em relação à temática em todos os níveis de atenção, transfobia, centralização do cuidado em escassos serviços habilitados para pessoas trans no período infantojuvenil, invisibilidade do apoio à família, ausência de ações de promoção da saúde no âmbito comunitário, sobretudo, escolar, e, ainda, o acolhimento promovido, comumente, pelas iniciativas não governamentais. Conclusão: a centralização de ações em escassos serviços especializados no país e a transfobia estrutural podem comprometer a atenção integral à saúde dos adolescentes trans. Urge a necessidade de uma linha de cuidado capaz de auxiliar a atuação conjunta por equipe multi e interdisciplinar com maior proatividade do enfermeiro junto ao adolescente trans e seus responsáveis por meio de ações individuais e coletivas; ambiência; promoção da saúde nas escolas para visibilidade e acolhimento na Atenção Primária à Saúde desde a infância.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la atención integral a la salud de los adolescentes transgénero desde la perspectiva de sus responsables. Método: estudio cualitativo basado en el marco de la Red Social propuesto por Lia Sanicola, desarrollado con 22 responsables de adolescentes transgénero en Brasil a partir de entrevistas en línea individuales semiestructuradas. El material empírico fue analizado mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: se ha evidenciado la falta de ambiente y preparación técnica de los profesionales de la salud con relación al tema en todos los niveles de atención, transfobia, centralización del cuidado en los pocos servicios habilitados para personas trans en el período infantojuvenil, invisibilidad del apoyo a la familia, ausencia de acciones de promoción de la salud en el ámbito comunitario, especialmente en la escuela, y la acogida comúnmente por las iniciativas no gubernamentales. Conclusión: la centralización de acciones en los pocos servicios especializados del país y la transfobia estructural pueden comprometer la atención integral en salud de los adolescentes trans. Urge una línea de cuidado capaz de auxiliar la acción conjunta de un equipo multi e interdisciplinario, con mayor proactividad del enfermero con el adolescente transgénero y sus responsables en acciones individuales y colectivas; ambiente; promoción de la salud en las escuelas para la visibilidad y acogida en la Atención Primaria de la Salud desde la infancia.

Structure of social networks of people living with HIV and AIDS / Estructura de las redes sociales de personas viviendo con VIH y SIDA / Estrutura das redes sociais de pessoas vivendo com HIV e AIDS

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the structure of the social network of people living with HIV and AIDS. Method: Exploratory and descriptive research with a qualitative approach, developed through interviews with twenty-two people living with HIV and AIDS, from November to December 2019. For analysis, the theoretical-methodological framework of social network was used. Results: The primary networks were of medium size and low density, formed by family members, relatives, friends, neighbors, and colleagues. The secondary networks were characterized by public, private, third sector institutions, workplaces, and by the informal network, which provided support according to the need for care. Conclusion: The family was considered the center of the primary social network structure; however, weaknesses in these social relationships were evidenced. The family relational context of the person with HIV and AIDS was influenced by the secrecy of the diagnosis due to the fear of prejudice and discrimination for being HIV-positive. There was a predilection for the services of the secondary social network that took on the role of specific care for the disease.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la estructura de la red social de personas viviendo con VIH y SIDA. Método: Investigación exploratoria y descriptiva de abordaje cualitativo, desarrollada por medio de entrevista con veintidós personas viviendo con VIH y SIDA, de noviembre a diciembre de 2019. Para tal análisis, se utilizó el referencial teórico-metodológico de la red social. Resultados: Las redes primarias se configuraron de tamaño medio y con baja densidad, formadas por familiares, parientes, amigos, vecinos y colegas. Las redes secundarias se caracterizaron por instituciones públicas, privadas, del tercer sector, locales de trabajo y por la red informal, que aportaron soporte de acuerdo con la necesidad de cuidado. Conclusión: La familia fue considerada el eje de la estructura de la red social primaria, sin embargo fueron evidenciadas debilidades en esas relaciones sociales. El contexto relacional familiar de la persona con VIH y SIDA tuvo influencia del sigilo del diagnóstico decurrente del miedo de sufrir perjuicio y discriminación por su condición seropositiva. Hubo preferencia por los servicios de la red social secundaria que asumieron la función de cuidado específico para la enfermedad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a estrutura da rede social de pessoas vivendo com HIV e Aids. Método: Pesquisa exploratória e descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida por meio de entrevista com vinte e duas pessoas vivendo com HIV e Aids, de novembro a dezembro de 2019. Para análise, utilizou-se o referencial teórico-metodológico de rede social. Resultados: as redes primárias configuraram-se de tamanho médio e com baixa densidade, formadas por familiares, parentes, amigos, vizinhos e colegas. As redes secundárias foram caracterizadas por instituições públicas, privadas, de terceiro setor, locais de trabalho e pela rede informal, que forneceram suporte conforme a necessidade de cuidado. Conclusão: A família foi considerada o nó central da estrutura da rede social primária; no entanto, foram evidenciadas fragilidades nessas relações sociais. O contexto relacional familiar da pessoa com HIV e Aids sofreu influência do sigilo do diagnóstico decorrente do medo de sofrer preconceito e discriminação por ser soropositiva. Houve predileção pelos serviços da rede social secundária que assumiram a função de cuidado específico para a doença.

Childhood transgenderity under the perspective of elementary school teachers.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze teachers' conceptions about transgenderity in childhood and to identify the possibilities and limits of working with these children in the school context. METHOD: a qualitative research study, carried out with 23 teachers from two municipal elementary schools. Semi-structured interviews were used to produce empirical material. As an analytical resource, the content analysis technique, thematic modality, was used. RESULTS: six thematic categories emerged in the set of empirical material: There is transgenderity in childhood; The construction of gender identity and roles in childhood; The experience of trans children in the school context; Trans children: How to deal with?; Discussing the differences in the classroom: Is this the way?; and Dilemmas of school and family interaction. It was found that the gender dichotomy is reinforced in the classroom, causing tensions and stereotyped divisions for male and female roles. Various forms of violence have been reproduced by classmates and teachers, who, due to lack of knowledge or to unpreparedness, reinforce concepts and attitudes that lead to the maintenance of exclusion. CONCLUSION: the schools find it difficult to promote the inclusion of trans children. It is necessary to create strategies aimed at raising awareness and training the professionals who make up the school environment, especially teachers in the initial grades.

La auriculoterapia en el control de la ansiedad y el estrés / Auriculotherapy in the control of anxiety and stress / A auriculoterapia no controle da ansiedade e do estresse

INTRODUCCIÓN: La posmodernidad requiere del individuo una conciencia crítica y, en consecuencia, cambios en el sector educacional, favoreciendo el desencadenamiento de problemas de salud mental en los docentes, principal contribuyente en la formación de esa conciencia. La auriculoterapia es una práctica fácil de aplicar que puede aliviar estos problemas. OBJETIVO: Analizar el efecto de la auriculoterapia en los puntajes de ansiedad y estrés de los maestros de primaria I y II y del programa de Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos en una escuela primaria municipal de João Pessoa, capital del estado de Paraíba. MÉTODO: Estudio de intervención del tipo antes y después, aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación de la Universidad Federal de Paraíba bajo CAAE: 16803119.3.0000.5188. Se aplicaron cinco instrumentos de recolección de datos, tres cuestionarios semiestructurados y dos escalas (escala de ansiedad de Hamilton y escala de estrés percibido). Al aplicar los criterios de exclusión, se analizaron los datos de 11 docentes, los cuales fueron organizados en hojas de cálculo estadístico y analizados mediante análisis descriptivo, prueba de Tukey, ANOVA y Wald. RESULTADOS: La auriculoterapia tuvo un efecto estadísticamente significativo sobre la ansiedad entre la primera y cuarta sesiones de auriculoterapia, y para el estrés, entre la primera y la novena sesiones, y para la ansiedad, este efecto se intensificó en los docentes que impartían clases en dos instituciones educativas. CONCLUSIONES: La auriculoterapia ha actuado con éxito en la reducción de las puntuaciones de estrés y ansiedad, ha contribuido a la mejora de los principales síntomas de estos trastornos y ha actuado en la promoción de la autopercepción

INTRODUCTION: Post-modernity requires from individual critical awareness and, consequently, changes in the educational sector, favoring the triggering of mental disorders in professors, main contributor in the creation of this awareness. Auriculotherapy is an easy-to-apply practice that can be useful in these problems. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of auriculotherapy in the anxiety and stress scores of professors working in Elementary School I and II and in the Youth and Adult Education program of a municipal Elementary School in João Pessoa, capital of the state of Paraíba. METHOD: An intervention study of the before-and-after type, approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Paraíba under CAAE: 16803119.3.0000.5188. Five data collection instruments were applied: three semi-structured questionnaires and two scales (Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Perceived Stress Scale). By applying the exclusion criteria, data of 11 professors were analyzed, which were organized in statistical spreadsheets and analyzed through descriptive analysis, Tukey's test, ANOVA, and Wald. RESULTS: Auriculotherapy attained a statistically significant effect on anxiety between the first and fourth sessions and, for stress, between the first and ninth sessions, given that, for anxiety, this effect was intensified in the professors who worked in two educational institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Auriculotherapy was successful in the reduction of the stress and anxiety scores, contributed to the improvement in the main symptoms of these disorders, and promoted self-perception

INTRODUÇÃO: A pós-modernidade requer do indivíduo uma consciência crítica e consequentemente mudanças no setor educacional, favorecendo o desencadeamento de agravos de saúde mental nos professores, principal contribuinte na formação dessa consciência. A auriculoterapia é uma prática de fácil aplicação que pode atuar nesses agravos. OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito da auriculoterapia nos escores de ansiedade e estresse dos professores do ensino fundamental I e II e do programa Educação de jovens e adultos de uma escola municipal de Ensino Fundamental em João Pessoa, capital do estado da Paraíba. MÉTODO: Estudo de intervenção do tipo antes e depois, aprovado pelo Comitê de ética e pesquisa da Universidade Federal da Paraíba sob CAAE: 16803119.3.0000.5188. Foram aplicados cinco instrumentos de coleta de dados, três questionários semiestruturados e duas escalas (escala de ansiedade de Hamilton e escala de estresse percebido). Ao aplicar os critérios de exclusão foram analisados os dados de 11 professores, os quais foram organizados em planilhas estatísticas e analisados através da análise descritiva, teste de Tukey, ANOVA e Wald. RESULTADOS: A auriculoterapia obteve efeito estatisticamente significativo na ansiedade entre a primeira e quarta sessão de auriculoterapia, e para o estresse, entre a primeira e nona sessão, sendo que para a ansiedade esse efeito foi intensificado nos professores que lecionavam em duas instituições de ensino. CONCLUSÕES: A auriculoterapia atuou com êxito na redução dos escores de estresse e ansiedade, contribuiu na melhora dos principais sintomas desses agravos e atuou na promoção da auto percepção

Determinants of coinfection tuberculosis and HIV in prisons in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Prisons context has the potential for the spread of infectious diseases, like HIV and tuberculosis, which prevalence is higher in the people deprived of liberty compared to the general population. OBJECTIVE: to analyze which are the determinants of coinfection tuberculosis and HIV in prisons. METHODOLOGY: Case-control study conducted in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. New cases of tuberculosis in the population deprived of liberty in the period between 2015 and 2017 were considered. Data were obtained through the notification and monitoring system for tuberculosis cases in the state of São Paulo and included sociodemographic and clinical variables and diagnosis and treatment information. The data were analyzed through frequency distribution and bivariate analysis, testing the association of the dependent variable (tuberculosis/HIV coinfection vs. tuberculosis/HIV non-coinfection) with independent variables (sociodemographic, clinical and diagnostics variables) by calculating the odds ratio and p-value. RESULTS: Among the determinants of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in prisons, we identified: age between 26-35, 36-55 and 56-84 years, notification in hospitals, negative sputum smear microscopy and culture, X-ray suggestive of another pathology, extrapulmonary and mixed clinical form, and alcoholism. A high percentage of death was also identified among coinfected people. CONCLUSIONS: identifying the determinants of the tuberculosis/HIV coinfected individual can assist in the development and implementation of guidelines aimed at controlling both infections in the prison environment.

Integralidade na Atenção Primária: análise do discurso acerca da organização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV / Integralidad en Atención Primaria: análisis del discurso sobre la organización de la oferta de la prueba rápida del VIH / The integrality in Primary Healthcare: discourse analysis about the organization of the provision of the rapid anti-HIV test

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o discurso dos gerentes saúde relacionado à organização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV, na perspectiva do atributo integralidade. Método Pesquisa exploratória de natureza qualitativa realizada em um distrito sanitário do município de João Pessoa/PB. A coleta de dados foi realizada em setembro de 2017, utilizando-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, o qual foi aplicado a treze gerentes de saúde de serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde. O material empírico foi analisado à luz do dispositivo teórico-metodológico de Análise de Discurso, identificando-se o bloco discursivo: Organização dos serviços para a realização do teste rápido anti-HIV. Resultados Os discursos apontam a filiação ideológica que compreende a fragmentação da assistência, normatização da demanda com enfoque em agendamentos, estigmatização e desresponsabilização do cuidado, dificultando a realização da integralidade na perspectiva da descentralização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV. Conclusão e implicações para a prática O discurso dos gerentes de saúde aponta fragilidades na qualidade do serviço e organização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV. Executar as políticas para reverter a situação atual e a educação permanente dos profissionais podem potencializar a integralidade do serviço.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el discurso de los gerentes de la salud relacionados con la organización de la oferta de pruebas rápidas anti-VIH, desde la perspectiva del atributo de integralidad. Método Investigación exploratoria de naturaleza cualitativa, realizada en un distrito sanitario del municipio de João Pessoa/PB. La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo en septiembre de 2017, utilizando un plan de entrevista semiestructurada, que se aplicó a trece gerentes de la salud de servicios de Atención Primaria de la Salud. El material empírico se analizó a la luz del dispositivo metodológico teórico del Análisis del Discurso, identificando el bloqueo discursivo: Organización de servicios para realizar la prueba rápida anti-VIH. Resultados Los discursos señalan la afiliación ideológica que incluye la fragmentación de la asistencia, la normatización de la demanda con enfoque en los horarios, la estigmatización y la irresponsabilidad de la atención, lo que dificulta alcanzar la integralidad desde la perspectiva de la descentralización la oferta de prueba rápida anti-VIH. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica El discurso de los gerentes de la salud señala las deficiencias en la calidad del servicio y la organización de la oferta de pruebas rápidas anti -VIH. La implementación de políticas para revertir la situación actual y la educación permanente de los profesionales puede potenciar la integralidad del servicio.

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze health managers discourse related to the organization of the rapid anti-HIV test provision, from the perspective of the integrality attribute. Method Exploratory research of qualitative nature, undertaken in a health district of the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba. Data collection was carried out in September 2017, using a semi-structured interview script for a semi-structured interview, which was applied to thirteen health care service managers from Primary Health Care services. The empirical material was analyzed in the light of the theoretical-methodological Discourse Analysis device, identifying the discursive block: Organization of services for conducting the rapid anti-HIV test. Results The speeches point out to the ideological affiliation that comprises the fragmentation of the assistance, standardization of the demand with focus on schedules, stigmatization and unaccountability of the care, making it difficult to achieve comprehensiveness in the perspective of the decentralization of the offer of rapid anti-HIV test. Conclusion and implications for practice The discourse of health managers points out weaknesses in the quality of service and organization of the rapid anti- HIV test provision. Implementing policies to reverse the current situation and continuing education for professionals can enhance the integrality of the service.

Childhood transgenderity under the perspective of elementary school teachers / A transgeneridade infantil sob a ótica de professores de ensino fundamental / Transgeneridad infantil desde la perspectiva de los profesores de primaria

Objective: to analyze teachers' conceptions about transgenderity in childhood and to identify the possibilities and limits of working with these children in the school context. Method: a qualitative research study, carried out with 23 teachers from two municipal elementary schools. Semi-structured interviews were used to produce empirical material. As an analytical resource, the content analysis technique, thematic modality, was used. Results: six thematic categories emerged in the set of empirical material: There is transgenderity in childhood; The construction of gender identity and roles in childhood; The experience of trans children in the school context; Trans children: How to deal with?; Discussing the differences in the classroom: Is this the way?; and Dilemmas of school and family interaction. It was found that the gender dichotomy is reinforced in the classroom, causing tensions and stereotyped divisions for male and female roles. Various forms of violence have been reproduced by classmates and teachers, who, due to lack of knowledge or to unpreparedness, reinforce concepts and attitudes that lead to the maintenance of exclusion. Conclusion: the schools find it difficult to promote the inclusion of trans children. It is necessary to create strategies aimed at raising awareness and training the professionals who make up the school environment, especially teachers in the initial grades.

Objetivo: analisar as concepções de professores sobre a transgeneridade na infância e identificar as possibilidades e os limites de trabalho com essas crianças no contexto escolar. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com 23 professores de duas escolas municipais de ensino fundamental. Para produção do material empírico, empregaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas. Como recurso analítico recorreu-se à técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: no conjunto do material empírico, emergiram seis categorias temáticas: Transgeneridade na infância existe; A construção de identidade e papéis de gênero na infância; A vivência de crianças trans no contexto escolar; Crianças trans: como lidar?; Discutir as diferenças em sala de aula: é o caminho?; Dilemas da interação escola e família. Constatou-se que a dicotomia de gênero é reforçada na sala de aula, ocasionando tensões e divisões estereotipadas para os papéis masculino e feminino. Diversas formas de violência vêm sendo reproduzidas por coleguinhas e professores, que por falta de conhecimento ou despreparo reforçam concepções e atitudes que levam à manutenção da exclusão. Conclusão: as escolas têm dificuldades para promover a inclusão de crianças trans. Faz-se necessária a criação de estratégias voltadas para a sensibilização e capacitação dos profissionais que compõem o ambiente escolar, sobretudo os professores das séries iniciais.

Objetivo: analizar las concepciones de los docentes sobre la transgeneridad en la infancia e identificar las posibilidades y límites de trabajar con estos niños en el contexto escolar. Método: investigación cualitativa, realizada con 23 profesores de dos escuelas primarias municipales. Para la producción de material empírico se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. Como recurso analítico se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: de todo el material empírico surgieron seis categorías temáticas: La transgeneridad en la infancia existe; Construcción de roles de identidad y género en la infancia; Experiencia de los niños trans en el contexto escolar; Niños trans: ¿cómo tratarlos? Discutir las diferencias en el aula: ¿es el camino?; Dilemas de la interacción escuela y familia. Se verificó que la dicotomía de género se refuerza en el aula, provocando tensiones y divisiones estereotipadas para los roles masculino y femenino. Compañeros y profesores vienen reproduciendo diversas formas de violencia, por desconocimiento o falta de preparación refuerzan conceptos y actitudes que sostienen la exclusión. Conclusión: las escuelas tienen dificultades para promover la inclusión de niños trans. Es necesario crear estrategias dirigidas a sensibilizar y capacitar a los profesionales que integran el entorno escolar, especialmente a los docentes en los grados iniciales.

Cloth masks as respiratory protections in the COVID-19 pandemic period: evidence gaps.

OBJECTIVE: to identify scientific evidence on the effectiveness of using cloth masks as safe protectors against COVID-19. METHOD: an integrative review of articles available in full obtained at PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Controlled, non-controlled descriptors and keywords such as "mask", "home-made" and "cloth" or "cotton" and "infection control" or "infection prevention" were used. RESULTS: thirty-eight articles were selected; of these, seven studies made up the sample. Evidence shows that cloth masks do not have the same protective characteristics as surgical masks, indicating an increased risk of infection due to humidity, diffusion of fluids, virus retention, and improper preparation. Considering the shortage of surgical masks during the pandemic, cloth masks could be proposed as a last resort. CONCLUSION: cloth masks should be used together with preventive measures, such as home insulation, good respiratory conduct, and regular hand hygiene.

Factors associated with sexually transmitted infections in sugarcane cutters: subsidies to caring for.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and associated factors in sugarcane cutters. METHOD: a cross-sectional, analytical study with 937 sugarcane cutters from Paraíba and Goiás, states of Brazil, respectively. An outcome variable was the positive results in some rapid tests for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C. Bivariate and multiple analyses were performed to identify the association between these infections and sociodemographic and behavioral variables. RESULTS: all participants were male, most were young adults and had low schooling. Prevalence of STI was estimated at 4.1% (95% CI: 3.0-5.5). According to multiple regression analysis, the variables age over 40 years (OR 5.0; CI 95%: 1.8-14), alcohol consumption (OR 3.9; CI 95%: 1.3-11.9), and illicit drugs (OR 2.9; CI 95%: 1.3-6.3) were factors associated with the STIs investigated. On the other hand, having some religion (OR 0.4; CI 95%: 0.2-0.8), and work in the Midwest Region (OR 0.4; CI 95%: 0.2-0.9) were factors negatively associated with these infections. CONCLUSION: presence of risk behaviors for STI among sugarcane cutters. Screening for these infections in groups of rural workers is essential for early diagnosis and breaking the chain of transmission.

Validation of Bakas Caregiving Outcome Scale for brazilian portuguese.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the psychometric properties of the adapted version of Bakas Caregiving Outcome Scale for Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: this is a cross-sectional methodological study conducted with 151 informal caregivers of people with cerebral vascular accident sequelae enrolled in Family Health Units. To assess reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used. Construct validity was verified through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation with measures of instruments that evaluate correlated constructs. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha for the total BCOS score was 0.89. Factor and exploratory analysis generated a one-factor structure, which was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Construct validity was supported by the high positive correlations with Negative Affect (r = 0.51) and Negative Experience (r = 0.47) of the Well-being Scale and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale -21 (r = 0.53) and negative correlations with Positive Affect (r =-0.47) and Positive Experience (r = -0.17) of the Well-being scale. CONCLUSION: Bakas Caregiving Outcome Scale shows evidence of satisfactory reliability and validity in family caregivers of cerebral vascular accident survivors.

How Indigenous and non-Indigenous women look at AIDS: convergences and singularities.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the way AIDS is configured in the eyes of Indigenous and non-Indigenous women. METHOD: A descriptive study implementing a mixed approach, conducted in three indigenous villages and in a surrounding municipality. A semi-structured interview script was used, with identification data and questions related to the disease perception, the way of seeing and feeling AIDS. The corpus was processed by IRaMuTeQ software and analyzed by Descending Hierarchical Classification, Content Analysis and Word Cloud. RESULTS: A total of 164 Potiguara indigenous women and 386 non-Indigenous women participated. Three classes were formed: "AIDS and its repercussions", "Social aspects, spirituality and attributed feelings" and "Transmission modes". There was a better understanding of the etiology, treatment and AIDS transmission modes among non- Indigenous women, while the content mainly surrounds negative elements such as death, fear, sadness and prejudice among Indigenous women. CONCLUSION: The knowledge produced in interactions were formed according to the social context and gain its own significance. Such considerations may contribute to the direction of strategic HIV/AIDS control policies focusing on ethnic/cultural specificities.